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2003 경희대 논술

조회 수 9116 추천 수 0 / 0 2006.01.26 01:01:39
extra_vars3 : 김현정 
■ 인문계열 정시모집

다음 지문들은 현대문명이 당면하고 있는 주요 문제와 그 해결 방안을 모색하고 있다. 제시된 글들을 바탕으로 이 주제에 관하여 자신의 견해를 논술하시오.

(가) A convergence of problems has lead to the 'environmental crisis.' These include the fact that there is no 'new land' available for human exploitation. Human population has continued to grow unsustainably. The pace of technological change continues to disrupt the lives of hundreds of millions of people. Globalization continues to disrupt the economic security of billions of people. Global warming, acid rain, destruction of the ozone layer and other effects of industrial civilization undermine the integrity of natural systems across the planet. In the face of such a crisis, radical environmentalists have argued that mild reforms in public policy and practices are basically useless. Deep changes in society require a paradigm shift from the dominant modern paradigm of industrial civilization to a 'new environmental paradigm' or 'new ecological paradigm.'
― Bill Devall, 'The Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement'
(나) Deep ecologists put a reign on human exploitation of natural 'resources' except to satisfy vital needs. Thus, the use of a field by an African tribe to grow grain for survival is an example of a vital need whereas the conversion of a swamp to an exclusive golf course would not. Rest assured that much of the mining, harvesting, and development of our technological age would not meet the vital needs requirement of this principle. Rather than being concerned about how to raise automobile production, this ethic would be interested in solving the problem of human mobility in a way that would not require the disruption of highways, roads, and parking lots. It rebels against Peter Drucker's industrialist world view: 'Before it is possessed and used, every plant is a weed and every mineral is just another rock.'
― Thomas Berry, 'The Viable Human'
주) deep ecologists: 근본 생태주의자
(다) 근대 이후 주류 경제학에서는 인간의 욕망은 무한한 것이라고 전제를 하고, 그 무한한 욕망을 어떻게 하면 많이 충족시킬 수 있는가에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 따라서 소비가 경제활동의 궁극적인 목적이라고 인식하고, 생산요소들은 소비를 통한 욕망 충족의 수단으로만 생각한다. 그러나 만일 우리가 불교적 관점에서 생각한다면 경제활동의 목적이 최대의 소비가 아니라 적정 규모의 소비로써 인간 사회의 복지를 극대화하는 데 있다고 할 수 있다.
주류 경제학에서는 인간의 욕망은 가치 중립적이라고 가정하고, 소비를 통해서 이 욕망을 충족시켜 줌으로써 인간의 행복이 달성된다고 본다. 그런데 불교에서는 인간의 욕망을 두 가지로 나누어서 생각한다. 하나는 인간이 생존을 유지하는 데 반드시 필요한 욕망으로 chanda라고 불리는데, 이는 가치 중립적인 또는 좋은 의미의 욕망이다. 이를?선욕(善欲)'이라고 한다. 다른 하나의 욕망은 흔히?갈애(渴愛)?라고 번역이 되는 tanha이다. 갈애는 인간의 생존을 위해서 또는 생활을 위해서 반드시 필요한 것이 아니라 그 이상의 지나친 욕망을 말한다. 갈애는 주로 순간적으로는 인간에게 육체적 또는 정신적 만족을 줄 수 있을지 모르나 궁극적으로는 우리의 정신과 육체를 해치는 결과를 가져오는 욕망이다.
인간의 욕망을 이렇게 선욕과 갈애로 구분하여 인식하게 되면 경제학에서처럼 반드시 소비를 통해서 욕망을 충족시키고 이 욕망 충족을 통해서 행복이 얻어진다고 보기가 어렵게 된다. 오히려 소비의 증대가 아니라 적절한 소비를 통해서 또는 갈애를 줄이거나 아예 소멸시킴으로써 진정한 행복(福祉, well-being)을 얻을 수가 있다고 보아야 할 것이다. 다시 말해서 소비자의 효용체계나 가치체계를 단순히 물질적 소비에만 주로 의존하는 전통적인 경제학에서의 모형보다는 훨씬 더 발전되고 현실에 가까운 이론의 전개를 기대해 볼 수 있을 것이다.
― 정기문, '불교의 욕망관과 경제문제의 인식', 『불교평론』9호 참고
<유의 사항>
1. 띄어쓰기를 포함하여 1300자 이상 1400자 이내로 논술하시오.
2. 원고지에 제목을 쓰지 말고, 특별한 표시를 하지 마시오.
3. 제시문의 문장을 그대로 옮겨 적지 마시오.
4. 필기구는 반드시 학교에서 지급한 필기구만 사용하여 작성하시오.
(*위의 유의사항을 준수하지 않을 경우, 감점 처리함.)


■ 자연계열 교차지원 가능학부

제시문 (가), (나), (다)를 읽고, 이를 바탕으로 GMO(Genetically Modified Organism: 유전자변형 유기체)에 대한 자신의 견해를 논술하시오.
(가) UN의 예측에 따르면 세계 인구는 끊임없이 증가하여 2070년에는 100억에 이를 것으로 추정된다. 한편, 인구증가에 따라 세계의 식량수요도 계속 증가하여 왔다. 지금까지는 식량증산을 위하여 경지면적을 확대하고, 화학비료와 농약을 사용하며, 통일벼와 같은 다수확 품종을 재배하는 방법 등을 이용해 왔다. 그러나 이용할 수 있는 농지면적은 한정되어 있으며, 잔류농약 등에 의한 안전성 문제로 인해 화학비료나 농약 사용에 의한 식량증산에는 한계가 있다. 또한 소비자의 식품기호에 대한 욕구도 증가하여, 식량자원의 품종개량에 대한 중요성과 필요성이 증가했다. 이에 육종학자들은 새로운 품종을 효율적으로 개발하기 위하여 유전자 재조합 기술을 이용하게 되었다. GMO의 상업화는 잘 물러지지 않는 토마토가 개발된 이후 빠르게 진행되었으며, 제초제에 내성이 있는 콩 그리고 병충해에 내성이 있는 옥수수가 본격적으로 상품화되면서 일반인들도 GMO에 큰 관심을 가지기 시작하였다.
―「식품의약품안전청」자료
(나) A severe food crisis threatens 13 million people in the six countries in the region - with Malawi and Zimbabwe the worst hit. The U.N. has appealed for a million tons of food, and traditionally half of the donation comes from America. 'The one issue that has caused the most controversy, and frankly is causing us the most difficulty, is the issue of so-called GMO-affected foods,' said Roger Winter, assistant administrator at the U.S. Agency for International Development. 'What we are being asked in some cases to do is to certify that a shipment of maize is GMO-free and that we are not able to do,' Winter told reporters as he wound up a tour of the region, which took him to Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. 'Delay (on accepting GMOs) is deadly in this. If they delay long, people are going to die in their countries because there are going to be huge gaps in the (food) pipeline', he said.
―Reuters Daily World Environment News, July 29, 2002
주) maize: 옥수수
(다) Today the vast majority of foods in supermarkets contain genetically modified substances whose effects on our health are unknown. As a medical doctor, I can assure you that no one in the medical profession would attempt to perform experiments on human subjects without their consent. Such conduct is illegal and unethical. Yet manufacturers of genetically altered foods are exposing us to one of the largest uncontrolled experiments in modern history. In less than five years these companies have flooded the marketplace with thousands of untested and unlabeled products containing foreign genetic material. These genetically modified foods pose several very real dangers because they have been engineered to create novel proteins that retard spoilage, produce their own pesticides against insects, or allow plants to tolerate larger and larger doses of weed killers. Despite claims that these food products are based on 'sound science,' in truth, neither manufacturers nor the government has studied the effects of these genetically altered organisms or their new proteins on people--especially babies, the elderly, and the sick.
― Chicago Tribune, September 3, 2000
<유의 사항>
1. 띄어쓰기를 포함하여 1300자 이상 1400자 이내로 논술하시오.
2. 제시문의 문장을 그대로 번역하여 옮겨 적지 마시오.
3. 답안지에 문제나 제목을 쓰지 마시오.
4. 답안지에 불필요한 표시를 하지 마시오.
5. 반드시 학교에서 지급한 필기도구를 사용하여 작성하시오.
(유의사항을 준수하지 않을 경우, 감점 처리함.)

■ 자연계열 교차지원 불가학부 - 이과대, 의약계열

아래의 지문을 바탕으로 유전자 변형 식물체의 개발로 인한 장점들과 문제점들을 제시하고, 이 문제점들을 해결하기 위한 방안을 인간의 건강 및 생태학적 측면에서 논술하시오.

(가) The characteristics of an organism are determined by its DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) which is the information-containing component of the chromosome. DNA provides the genetic code which determines how the individual cells, and consequently the whole organism, will be constructed. This code is divided up into functional units, or genes, in the same way that a paragraph can be divided into individual words. The total characteristics of a plant will depend on which genes it has received from the parent plants, whether or not those genes are `switched on?(expressed) and also the interactions between the genes and environmental factors.
The advent of modern techniques of genetic modification has enabled researchers to remove individual genes from one species and insert them into another, without the need for sexual compatibility. Once the new gene has been inserted into a plant, offspring that will contain copies of the new gene can be produced in the traditional manner. For example, this has enabled researchers to insert a bacterial gene into a maize plant, to give it resistance to certain insect pests. Genetic modification has also made it possible to remove or switch off an undesirable gene already present in a particular variety, or modify the metabolism of the plant to improve the quality of the food product (for example, genetically modified tomatoes which remain fresh for longer periods).
― A Report by `The Royal Society'
(나) Crosses between genetically modified oilseed rape and a wild relative produce hybrid plants that are as toxic to insects as the original crop. In lab experiments, scientists took oilseed rape that had been modified to contain the insect resistance gene and crossed it with a related wild weed. They made 11 crosses using different combinations of plant lines. Five of them produced stable hybrids containing the insect resistance gene. These expressed the insecticide produced by the gene at levels similar to the genetically modified parent and were highly toxic to insects. The finding will fuel fears that ?superweeds?containing foreign genes making them immune to insect attack might spread rapidly. But no one yet knows how much of an edge insect resistance would give the hybrids compared with their non-genetically modified relatives. Though it is still unclear how such hybrids would fare in the wild, the finding is likely to be seized on by environmentalists as proof that field trials of genetically modified crops are unsafe.
― James Randerson, `Modified Crop Breeds Toxic Hybrid,' New Scientist, Nov. 2002
주) oilseed rape: 유채

<유의 사항>
1. 띄어쓰기를 포함하여 1300자 이상 1400자 이내로 논술하시오.
2. 제시문의 문장을 그대로 번역하여 옮겨 적지 마시오.
3. 답안지에 문제나 제목을 쓰지 마시오.
4. 답안지에 불필요한 표시를 하지 마시오.
5. 반드시 학교에서 지급한 필기도구를 사용하여 작성하시오.
(유의 사항을 준수하지 않을 경우, 감점 처리함.)

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